Class struggle is a foundational concept in sociology and political theory that refers to the conflict between social classes with differing economic interests and power dynamics. This theoretical framework, popularized by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, posits that society is divided into distinct social classes based on their relationship to the means of production.

According to the theory of class struggle, the interests of the ruling class (bourgeoisie) are inherently at odds with those of the working class (proletariat). The bourgeoisie, who own and control the means of production, seek to maximize profits and maintain their social and economic dominance. In contrast, the proletariat, who sell their labor to the bourgeoisie, strive for fair wages, better working conditions, and greater economic equality.

Class struggle is manifested in various forms, including labor strikes, social movements, political activism, and revolutionary upheavals. The aim of class struggle is to challenge and transform the existing social order, dismantle systems of exploitation and oppression, and achieve social justice and equality for all members of society.

By analyzing the dynamics of class struggle, sociologists seek to understand the power relations, inequalities, and conflicts that shape society. They investigate how economic structures, social institutions, and cultural ideologies perpetuate or challenge class divisions and influence social change.

The study of class struggle remains relevant today, as scholars and activists continue to explore issues related to income inequality, wealth distribution, labor rights, and social justice. By examining class dynamics and advocating for the rights of marginalized and working-class populations, individuals can work towards a more equitable and inclusive society where all members have the opportunity to thrive and participate in decision-making processes.