Labelling Theory and Power
Introduction Labelling theory is a cornerstone of sociological approaches to deviance, crime, and social control. Formulated in the early 1960s, the perspective redirected…
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The Work of Cesare Lombroso
Introduction Few figures loom as large—or as provocatively—in the prehistory of modern criminology as the Italian physician‑criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909). To many undergraduates…
The Work of Rosa Luxemburg
Introduction Rosa Luxemburg (1871 – 1919) ranks among the most penetrating socialist thinkers and revolutionaries of the long twentieth century. Born in Zamość, then in…
The Work of Niccolò Machiavelli
Introduction Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) is most commonly remembered as the Renaissance author of Il Principe (The Prince), the slim treatise that has made…
Explaining Figure-Ground Contrast
Introduction Figure-ground contrast is a concept that emerges not only in the realm of visual perception but also extends its significance to various…
Understanding Formal Structure
Introduction Formal structure plays a crucial role in the study of organizations within sociology. It shapes the operational framework of institutions—ranging from private…
Outlining Formal Rationality
Formal rationality is a central concept in sociological theory, referring to the systematic, rule-bound, and procedure-oriented ways that modern societies organize and regulate…
The Essentials of Functional Inequality
Functional inequality, though seldom discussed as a singular framework within broader sociological discourse, is an integral aspect of how societies distribute resources, shape…
Industrial Conflict
Industrial conflict occupies a central place in sociological analysis due to its profound impact on social institutions, workplace relations, and economic outcomes. As…
The Work of Michael Mann
Introduction Few contemporary sociologists have mapped the architecture of power with the persistence and panoramic reach of Michael Mann. Since the late 1970s…
