Table of Contents
- Understanding Deviance
- Primary Deviation
- Secondary Deviation
- Interaction Between Primary and Secondary Deviation
- Theoretical Perspectives on Deviation
- Conclusion
Deviance is a fundamental concept in sociology that refers to actions or behaviors that violate social norms. Understanding the nuances of deviance is critical for comprehending how societies function and how social order is maintained or disrupted. One of the most important frameworks for analyzing deviance is the distinction between primary and secondary deviation, concepts first introduced by Edwin Lemert. This article will delve into the definitions, examples, and implications of primary and secondary deviation, exploring how these forms of deviance interact and evolve within social contexts.
Understanding Deviance
Defining Deviance
Deviance refers to behaviors or actions that violate the norms, values, or expectations of a society. These norms are the unwritten rules that govern acceptable behavior within a community or society. Deviance can be minor, such as dress code violations, or major, such as criminal acts. Sociologists study deviance to understand the boundaries of acceptable behavior and the mechanisms societies use to enforce conformity and social order.
Social Construction of Deviance
Deviance is socially constructed, meaning what is considered deviant varies across cultures, time periods, and social contexts. An action deemed deviant in one society may be considered normal in another. For example, tattoos were once viewed as deviant in many Western societies but are now widely accepted. This social construction highlights the fluid nature of deviance and the role of social norms in defining what constitutes deviant behavior.
Primary Deviation
Definition of Primary Deviation
Primary deviation refers to the initial act of rule-breaking or norm violation that may not have a significant impact on an individual’s self-concept or social identity. These acts are typically minor and may go unnoticed or be rationalized by both the individual and society. Primary deviations do not lead to the individual being labeled as a deviant by society or themselves.
Examples of Primary Deviation
An example of primary deviation might be a teenager experimenting with alcohol or drugs. This behavior, while deviant, is often seen as part of the “normal” process of growing up and does not necessarily lead to a deviant identity. Similarly, minor infractions such as jaywalking, occasional lying, or petty theft can be considered primary deviations. These actions are generally seen as isolated incidents that do not define the individual’s character.
Social Reactions to Primary Deviation
Society’s reaction to primary deviation is typically minimal. Minor rule-breaking is often overlooked, forgiven, or dealt with through informal social control mechanisms such as warnings or mild reprimands. The individual may also justify their behavior, seeing it as a one-time occurrence or a lapse in judgment. This minimal reaction helps to prevent the individual from internalizing a deviant identity.
Secondary Deviation
Definition of Secondary Deviation
Secondary deviation occurs when an individual repeatedly violates social norms or commits acts of deviance, leading to a stronger reaction from society. This reaction often includes labeling the individual as deviant, which can have significant consequences for their self-identity and social interactions. Secondary deviation reflects a deeper, more persistent pattern of deviant behavior that becomes central to the individual’s identity.
Examples of Secondary Deviation
Continuing with the example of substance use, if the teenager begins to frequently use alcohol or drugs and this behavior becomes known to others, they may be labeled as a “drunk” or “addict.” This labeling can lead to further deviant behavior as the individual internalizes the deviant identity. Other examples include chronic theft leading to the label of “thief” or habitual lying resulting in the label of “liar.”
The Role of Labeling in Secondary Deviation
Labeling theory, as developed by Howard Becker, emphasizes the importance of societal reaction in the development of secondary deviation. When society labels an individual as deviant, it creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. The individual is treated according to the label, which influences their self-perception and behavior. For instance, being labeled a criminal can limit legitimate opportunities, leading the individual to further engage in criminal activities. This cycle reinforces the deviant identity and behavior.
