Introduction Recidivism, broadly defined as the tendency of individuals who have experienced incarceration or criminal sanctions to reoffend, is a critical topic within sociology and criminal justice studies. Understanding why individuals engage in repeated criminal behavior and return to the…
Retributive justice is a concept central to many legal and moral systems, revolving around the idea that individuals who commit wrongful acts should face punishment proportionate to their offenses. This form of justice is often contrasted with other forms, such…
The study of criminal justice has evolved significantly over the past few decades, with substantial shifts in policies, practices, and theoretical frameworks. One of the notable paradigms that have emerged since the late 20th century is the “New Penology.” This…
