Introduction Life expectancy has long been a subject of sociological and demographic analysis. Around the world, one of the most persistent and intriguing patterns is that women tend to live longer than men. This gender gap in life expectancy varies…
Introduction Logical positivism, sometimes referred to as logical empiricism, was one of the most influential philosophical movements of the early 20th century. Emerging from the Vienna Circle in the 1920s and 1930s, it aimed to apply the rigour of scientific…
Introduction Long Wave Theory, often referred to as Kondratiev waves, is a framework for understanding long-term cycles of economic development, innovation, and social transformation. While initially developed within the field of economics, this theory has significant implications for sociology, particularly…
Introduction In sociology and anthropology, the study of exchange systems provides valuable insights into the ways societies maintain cohesion, reproduce culture, and negotiate modernity. One of the most famous ethnographic cases is the Kula Ring, a ceremonial exchange network practiced…
Introduction Symbolic interactionism is a foundational perspective within sociology that emphasizes the ways in which meaning is constructed and negotiated through everyday interactions. Unlike structural approaches that focus on large-scale forces, symbolic interactionism directs our attention to the micro-level of…
Introduction In sociology and related fields, the concept of extrinsic satisfaction is used to describe forms of gratification that arise from external rewards, recognition, or outcomes rather than from the activity itself. Unlike intrinsic satisfaction, which is grounded in personal…
Introduction The rise of digital technology has transformed leisure, social interaction, and cultural production. Among the most influential phenomena is video gaming, a global industry that has expanded far beyond a pastime into a central component of contemporary life. Long-term…
