Introduction The idea that a small group of individuals or institutions exerts a disproportionately large influence over society has long been a focal point in sociological discourse. Known as the “power elite,” this concept challenges the assumption that modern societies…
Introduction Positive discrimination, often referred to as affirmative action in some regions, is a sociological concept designed to address historical and systemic inequalities by offering preferential treatment or opportunities to members of disadvantaged groups. In essence, the term encompasses practices,…
Monopolies, at their core, are market structures in which a single entity dominates the supply of a particular product or service. While this definition often emerges from economics, a sociological perspective broadens our understanding of how monopolies arise, evolve, and…
Reference groups are a foundational concept in sociology that helps us understand how individuals align their behaviors, beliefs, and self-perceptions in relation to others. While we often think of ourselves as unique and self-directed, our perspectives on what is acceptable,…
Introduction Reflexive sociology is a vital and evolving approach within the broader discipline of sociology. At its heart, it calls upon researchers, students, and practitioners to critically examine the contextual and interpretive frameworks through which social phenomena are understood. Traditionally,…
Introduction Recidivism, broadly defined as the tendency of individuals who have experienced incarceration or criminal sanctions to reoffend, is a critical topic within sociology and criminal justice studies. Understanding why individuals engage in repeated criminal behavior and return to the…
Reductionism is the idea of breaking down something very complex into smaller, simpler parts to understand it better. It shows up in many fields, like sociology, philosophy, and the sciences. In sociology, reductionism tries to explain big social patterns—like institutions,…
