In every society, human behavior is guided by a complex and multilayered set of norms, values, traditions, and expectations. These elements shape not only individual conduct but also collective social life. While formal laws, institutional rules, and legal regulations play…
In the social world, individuals, groups, and institutions are constantly guided by aims, objectives, and intended outcomes. These aims are not uniform across the social spectrum. Rather, they are differentiated, stratified, and assigned varying levels of value and legitimacy depending…
Rationality stands as a foundational pillar of sociological thought, shaping our understanding of how societies are structured and how individuals behave within these structures. Among the diverse forms of rationality identified by sociologists and philosophers, functional rationality occupies a particularly…
In contemporary sociological thought, there is an increasing demand for theoretical precision in distinguishing between different levels and types of explanation. One of the most pressing conceptual issues is how to account for the complexity of social phenomena without falling…
Family therapy is a comprehensive form of psychotherapy designed to address the intricate dynamics, recurring conflicts, and communication breakdowns that occur within family units. It approaches psychological and emotional distress not as isolated phenomena rooted solely in individual pathology but…
In the study of sociology, one of the foundational concepts for analyzing the organization of social life is folkways. Folkways are the unwritten norms, customs, and conventions that govern routine, habitual, and casual interactions within a particular society. Unlike formal…
The term “free market” is frequently invoked in political debates, economic analyses, and popular culture. It conjures images of individual liberty, entrepreneurial spirit, and unfettered competition that leads to prosperity. Yet, while the economic framing of the term is widely…
