Evangelism, in its most basic form, is the act of proclaiming or sharing a religious message. Within Christian traditions, evangelism often entails spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ to non-believers. However, the term also appears in non-Christian contexts, such as…
The Education Act 1988, often referred to as one of the most transformative pieces of legislation in the history of British education, emerged within a rapidly changing political and social climate. It fundamentally altered the relationships between schools, local authorities,…
Introduction Labelling theory is a cornerstone of sociological approaches to deviance, crime, and social control. Formulated in the early 1960s, the perspective redirected scholarly inquiry away from the supposed deficiencies of “deviant” individuals and toward the cultural processes by which…
Introduction Few figures loom as large—or as provocatively—in the prehistory of modern criminology as the Italian physician‑criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909). To many undergraduates encountering the discipline for the first time, Lombroso’s claim that the criminal could be identified by virtue…
Introduction Rosa Luxemburg (1871 – 1919) ranks among the most penetrating socialist thinkers and revolutionaries of the long twentieth century. Born in Zamość, then in the Russian‑controlled Kingdom of Poland, she became intellectually active during the scramble for empire and the consolidation…
Introduction Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) is most commonly remembered as the Renaissance author of Il Principe (The Prince), the slim treatise that has made his surname synonymous with cunning realpolitik. Yet from a sociological standpoint Machiavelli is more than an adviser…
Introduction Figure-ground contrast is a concept that emerges not only in the realm of visual perception but also extends its significance to various fields within the social sciences, including sociology. The term originates in Gestalt psychology, describing how individuals tend…
